Method of and apparatus for multi-galley composition

ABSTRACT

In a photocomposition machine environment the apparatus and method show the concept of advancing the photosensitive material into position normally occupied for composition of text. The known apparatus and method are then modified by providing reverse leading for the paper and re-advance to the starting point followed by composition of a second column lateral to and aligned with the first column. A particular advance in the art is the ability to compose a complex mathematical formula with greatly simplified software using the improved hardware. The point of reference is established by a sensor which is activated upon advance of the paper to the sensor and therefore reversal and re-advancement of the paper will cause an exact repositioning of the paper for each column.

1451 Sept. 16, 1975 METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR MULTI-GALLEY COMPOSITION[75] Inventor: Francis S. Szabo, Morrist'own, NJ.

[73] Assignee: Addressograph Multigraph Corporation, Cleveland, Ohio[22] Filed: June 25, 1974 [21] Appl. No.: 482,849

UNITED STATES PATENTS 2/l97l Loughnane 355/41 X 5/1974 Schlegel, Jr355/41 X Priniary Examiner-Richard A. Wintercom Attorney, Agent, orFirmRay S. Pyle [57] ABSTRACT In a photocomposition machine environmentthe apparatus and method show the concept of advancing thephotosensitive material into position normally occupied for compositionof text. The known apparatus and method are then modified by providingreverse leading for the paper and re-advance to the starting pointfollowed by composition of a second column lateral to and aligned withthe first column. A particular advance in the art is the ability tocompose a complex mathematical formula with greatly simplified softwareusing the improved hardware.

The point of reference is established by a sensor which is activatedupon advance of the paper to the sensor and therefore reversal andre-advancement of the paper will cause an exact repositioning of thepaper for each column.

7 Claims, 4 Drawing Figures I unless a specific symbol matrix and largeprint capabil- METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR ity is available. MULTIGALLEY COMPOSITION EXAMPLE 1 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 5 An actualcomposition problem is set forth below In the printing art, type wascomposed in a galley and which has been set for a printed publicationusing a a galley proof printed for inspection. Changes in comstrike-ontyping machine, and transfer letters of the position, spacing, or otherimprovements could then be type carried on a release backing and rubbedthrough accomplished prior to transferring the set type to the the paperto cause transfer. This latter portion is for press. 7 1O complex Greekletter forms. There are a total of 51 Various means for making use ofhand-set type have specific instructions to the typist for composingthis enbeen developed, and machines were perfected for casttire formula.However, in order to simplify the illustraing lead in response to anoperator actuated keyboard. tion, only the first 13 instructions dealingwith the first With the advent of modern lithographic printing line ofthe formula are set forth below the formula. The equipment, thephotographic process became the 15 balance of the formula requires thebalance of instrucmeans for producing a printing master for large-scaletions 14 through 51 and is similar in nature to those reprinting, and adirect impression master typed on an ofproduced:

l 2} R o- (m1)-lo' +C (m+2)dudT -V I e" 1 F I3 A 8" 21'! S iff/"Qloylp") I (Y e o fice typewriter became the common vehicle for lessso- 1. From the last line of text, lead 44 points to baselinephisticated but more rapid composition. of the first equation.

The VariTyper brand strike-on cold type machine 2. Reverse lead 26points (after setting R and set was developed to provide typed sourcematerial but the top limit of the summation. with the lines justified inthe manner of set type. This 3. Backspace to the first character of thetop limit. cold type is then produced as lithographic masters by 4. Leaddown 19 points, set the bottom limit (which photographic techniques.should be centered on the summation).

A more recent development is the photocomposition 5. Reverse lead 10;points, set the balance of the numertechnique. A source of font,usually a revolving disc of ator of the fraction. characters in aphotographic negative format, is pro- 6. Backspace to the beginning ofthe fraction. jected within a light-tight environment upoq photosen- 7.Lead down 24,=points to set the top limit of the sumsitive high-speedpaper. mation in the denominator.

The photocomposing machine is capable of project 8. Backspace to thefirst character of the limit. ing columns of any width from one word upto the max- 9. Lead down 19 points to the bottom limit of the sumimumwidth of the paper. Maximum width is estabmation; center-limit on thesummation. lished by the practical optics which can project from 10.Reverse lead 10 points and set the balance of the the revolving disc, orthe practical distance that the denominator. disc can be transportedwithin the housing. 1 l. Backspace to the beginning of the fraction.

However, not always is a column of the maximum 12. Reverse lead 'l6points to baseline and type the width desired. Therefore, the composervery often will fraction bar. produce long narrow columns and waste thebalance of 13. Type the balance of the first line of the equathe paper.Then, the column is physically cut into tion-reverse lead' 4 points forsuperscripts, lead proper useful length and pasted onto a backing sheetin down 2 points for subscripts. order to produce a multi-column galley.

In order to assure optically pleasing alignment, a rule The author ofthe work in which the above formula is used to establish the second andfurther columns in appears stated that a computer program is impracticalalignment with the first column when such paste-up for the typicalcompositor in that program and the technique is used. computer can neverbe made as versatile as a human Mathematical formulas are a verydifficult composi- 6O operator except possibly at a very unrealisticallyhigh tion problem in known photocomposition machines. price.Consequently, the compositor indicated that he There are three teachingexamples given: (I) A prefers to have human operators set this work.strike-on typing machine; (2) A known photocom- Notice the number oftimes the operator must lead poser; and finally, an example (3) usingthe new strucbackward and forward in order to set the complex forture ofthis invention. Note that in each example the inmula. It can then beenvisioned how difficult the probstructions leave space for the uniquesymbols such as lem would be if the compositor did attempt to write athe integration sign I .These symbols must be by some software programfor a photocomposing machine other means, such as hand artistry, ortransfer lettering which did not have the capability of reverse leadingof 3 the type set forth hereinafter. In that case, the entire job wouldhave to be composed from the top line down. Again, considering only thefirst line of the formula, if it were to be set on a phototypesetterwithout the reverse leading capability, the instructions would besubstantially in this manner:

A word of explanation of the commands used appears to be in order. Thesecommands appear in the text of this and the next instruction set. Theirmeaning is set forth in this glossary:

A. [No Flash] The no flash" command means that characters typed orentered following the command will result in spacing movement of thephototypesetter, but no actual imaging or flashing of the character.This function is used to provide the right amount of .spacing orescapement when the actual widths of the characters in question are notknown.

B. [F lash]-The flash command re-enables the normal flashing or exposurefunction in the phototypesetter. Characters entered following the flashcommand are exposed and cause character escapement.

C. [Return]The return command has the same function as the carriagereturn key on a typewriter. It reinitializes the typesetting processback to its left hand margin or the left-hand-most edge of the presenttab or indent.

EXAMPLE 2 1. Set left margin at an indent value corresponding to thebeginning of the first character in the equation.

2. Lead down 18 points.

3. Type [No Flash] [R [Flash] [N-l].

4. Lead down points. i

5. Type [No Flash] & {I e(p) [Flash] [2] [Return].

6. Lead down 4 points.

7. Type [No Flash] [R =Nl] [Flash] [&{ I e(p)] [No Flash] [2] [Flash][Return].

8. Lead down points.

9. Type [No Flash] [R=] [Flash] [p 0].

10. Lead down 3 points.

ll.Type [No Flash] [&{|e(p)| }=o-] [Flash] [2] [No Flash] [2(m 1) 0-][Flash] [2] [No Flash] [0'] [Flash] [2] [Return].

12. Lead down 4 points.

13. Type [R=] [No Flash] [N1 & {]e(p)] [Flash] [0-] [No Flash] [2][Flash] [2(m-l +0] [No Flash] [2] [Flash] [0-] [No Flash] [2] [Flash] C][No Flash] [k] [Flash] [(m 2)dud1-] [Return].

14. Lead down 2 points.

15. Type [No Flash] [R' Nl &{ e(p)] a [Flash] [2] [No Flash] [2(m l) 0-][Flash] [0] [No Flash] [0'] [Flash] [2] [No Flash] [+C] [Flash] [k][Return].

16. Lead down 5 points.

17. Type [No Flash] [R=] [Flash] [N-l].

18. Lead down 5 points.

19. Type [No Flash] [&{]i(s)|] [Flash] 2] [Return]. 20. Lead down 4points.

2]. Type [No Flash] [R=N-l] [Flash] [*{|i(s)|]= [No Flash] [2] [Flash][Return].

22. Lead down lOpoints.

23.-Type [No Flash] [R [Flash] [p=o] [Return].

Proceed with remainder of equation.

Reference to the Example 2 shows that a great deal of repetitive typingof characters for spacing alone is required, when the reverse leadingcapability is not present. Following the steps of Example 2 will showthat it is rather confusing and requires a great deal of pre-planning inorder to properly enter the characters starting with those set on thehighest baselines.

In a similar manner, the instructions would be required in order to workthrough the remainder of the equation and are very complex. In fact,trial and error is probably necessary and the instructions willordinarily require revision to get the proper spacing.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The advantage and object of this invention isto compose multiple columns upon the photosensitive paper in alignmentwith one another within the machine at one setting and thereby to avoidthe necessity for cut and paste techniques.

Another object of the invention is to provide within the compositionmachine, a paper-handling system whereby the paper is advanced andretracted repeatedly to an exact starting place in order that successivecolumn composition may be accomplished with each column in perfectalignment.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of aphotocomposition system embodying the apparatus of this invention.

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the paper-handling apparatus inschematic outline.

FIG. 3 is a top plan view of a paper sensing system according to thisinvention.

FIG. 4 is a side elevation of the apparatus of FIG. 2.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT flashtube symbol 12 and a lenssymbol 13. Such a photocomposing system and projecting means will entailthe necessary transport and control systems which are well-known andtherefore need not be set forth in detail. I 1

This invention is embodied in a general photocomposition machine bypaper feed magazine 15. Although the magazine is set forth in schematic.illustration in the drawing, one suchmagazine in wide use is illustratedin US. Pat. No. 3,724,945. The interior of composition machines islightftightj because the photosensitive paper web used for the recordingmedia is extremely sensitive, and a small portion thereof is exposed tothe interior of the machine during the composition exposure. In thedrawing herein, there is no'attempt 'to show the details of the magazineconstruction such as illustrated in the referenced United States patentabove.

photosensitive sheet. The stepper motor. drives the roll v 18 by meansof a pinion 22 carried by the' rnotorshaft. Pinion 22 operates a gear23. Gear 23 drives a one-say clutch 24 which, in turn, drives the roll18. One-.way clutch 24 will permit advance drive only. if the motor 21is reversed, the clutch 24 will not produce reverse drive force on theroll 18.

A gear 26 directly driven by gear 23 inturn is connected to drive apinion 27. Pinion 27 operates through a spring friction slip clutch 28to drive a reverse set of rolls 29. r

Because of'the arrangement of the pinions and gears, the set 29 isalways urging a reverse drive of a 'web sheet passing through themagazine, but the spring friction clutch-will allow a sheet driven byrolls '18 and 19 to advance against the reversedrive force. Such reversedrive assures a very "tight, smooth section of paper web between theadvance drive rolls and the reverse roll set 29. Threading 'of the paperweb is accomplished by mounting the idler rolls on a pivot "carriage toswing them aside during loading. See U.S. Pat. No. 3,724,945. i i

An edge sensor 30 is positioned along the side of the path establishedfor the paper web sheet and is I equipped with a light source 3l and asensor 32 such that when the sheetiadvances to the edge sensor 30 asignal will be generated. I

A controller 34such; as a PDP-S manufactured by Digital EquipmentCorporation,, Maynard, Mass. is a computencornmoply referred-to as amini-computer because of the, limited capacity thereof, and contains allcontrols for the entire photocomposing-machine including the necessarycontrol of disc 10, flash tube 12, and letter-by-letter andcharacter-by-character placement of theimage on the paper sheet bridgingbetween the advance and retract rolls of the magazine.

, .The controller 34 also contains logic which will re- I ceive thesignalv generated by arrival of the paper sheet web at the edge sensor30, and will cause the stepper motor to cease forward advance drive ofroll 18. Then, the controller 34 will cause the photocomposing system toexpose a series of characters in a line reestablished length on oneportion of the paper bridging between the drive and retract roll sets.After composition of the first line, the controller 34 will cause thestepper motor to advance the drive rolls l8 and 19 a distance known as aleading distance, whereafter a second line is composed. Line by line acolumn is thus composed for a given predetermined column length.

At this point this invention differs from standard practice in thatpiror standard practice has been to continue composing in a singlecolumn regardless of available paper web width, and thereafter tomanually cut and paste the columns in lateral alignment for a finishedgallery of multiple columns.

A mathematical formula represents a photocomposi; tion problem ofconsiderable programming difficulty in standard machines. This inventionenables such composition with ease. One word, or even a letter or num- 6her may be treated as a column. The placement of the formula charactersin correct leading" relationship becomes attainable with ease. I r IAccording to this invention, the controller, at the end of column 1,will cause stepper motor 21 to reverse. Such reversal will not affectthe drive roll 18 because of the one-way clutch 24, but the reversalwill then allow the roll set 29 to reverse'direction under the criveinfluence of the spring friction clutch 28 and reverse the paper backtoward a raw film storage box'35.

The construction of a'normal paper feed magazine is such that there issufficient roombetween the box 35 and the reverse roll set 29 to allowthe paper to fold harmlessly until re-advanced.

The stepper motor is reversed a distance sufficiently to bring the topof the composed column well below the normal composing position, ratherthan to'reverse just to a composing position. Forwar d advance willagain pick up the slack that is in the drive gear construction and hencemake possible a much less costly construction than would be required ifprecision gearing were specified without a backlash tolerance.

When the stepper motor is again advanced, it will proceed to drive thepaperweb sheet back to the edge sensor 30 and produce a'sig'nal when thepaper edge reaches the sensor 30. The signal is recognized by the"controller 34 and composition is then commenced'in a second columnlateral to the first column and with the starting line in exactalignment with the first line of the first column composed.

it has been found thata series of holes or marks along the edge of .thepaper web also provides a useful means for control of positionedrelationship, rather than the cut end. It is the use of a usefulreferences feature, not any particular marker, that enables theproperleading and reverse leading.

EXAMPLE 3 1 Set left margin at an indent value corresponding tobeginning of, the first character in the equation. Lead down 44 points.Set leading reference.

. Reverse leas 26 points fromreference.

. Type [N-ll].

. bead down 9 points.

Reverse lead 21 points from reference (4 points). 9. Type [2].

10. Lead down 4 points.

12. Lead down to reference (17 points).

13. Type l4. Reverse lead 4 points from reference.

15. Type [Zero width] [2].

16. Lead down 6 points.

17. Type [E].

18. Reverse lead to reference.

19. Type [2 (hr-l) +1.

20. Reverse lead 4 points from reference.

21. Type [Zero Width] [2].

22. Lead down 6 points.

23. Type [0].

24. Reverse lead to reference.

25. Type I.

26. Reverse lead 4 points from reference.

27. Type [Zero Width] [2].

28. Lead down 6 points.

29. Type [E].

7 Reverse lead to reference. Type C].

Lead down 2 points. Type [k]. Reverse lead to reference. Type [(m 2)dud] [Return]. Reverselead 7 points from reference. Type [No Flash][R'=] [Flash] [p=] [Return]. Lead down 14 points. Type [No Flash] [R -=1[Flash] [N-l]. Lead down 9 points. Type [& li(s)l]. Reverse lead 4points (or, reverse lead to reference, lead down 12 points).

44. Lead down 4 points. 45. Type 46. Lead down [0 points.

47. Type [No Flash] [R [Flash] 0 [Return];

Proceed with remainder of equation. Where reverse leading is present asin Example 3,

characters can be entered in more nearly their normal sequence.Interspersed commands can move the baseline back and forth as required.The use of a reference baseline makes it convenient to work with respectto some central baseline from which all other dimensions can bedetermined. Since repetitive leading in forward or reverse directionsmay result in error accumulations, returning to a reference baselinewill imporve typographic quality and keep baseline deviations to aminimum.

What is claimed is:

l. A method of multi-column composition, comprising the steps of:

thereafter reversing said paper feed to withdraw the paper to a positionretracted from said means for detecting the desired reference feature;and re-advancing said sheet until another control signal is 5 producedby said means for detecting the reference feature, and; finally,composing a second at least one character on the same page in a lateralposition to the first character and in a predetermined relationshipthereto by a relationship to said reference feature; whereby a multiplecolumn galley is obtained in registration from a common reference. 2.The method of claim 1, wherein said composition takes place in a firstcolumn of a multiple number of lines, followed by reverse leading andcomposition of a second column wherein said lines are aligned with thoseof the first column.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein said composition placement of thecharacters is random but aligned in relationship to a common leadreference.

4. A multi-column photocomposition machine, comprising:

a photocomposition system including a font of characters and projectionmeans for projecting characters of said font in column lines;

a power-driven paper feed means for advancing. a photosensitive sheetalong a path defining the image plane of said photocomposition system;

means for producing and thereafter detecting an established referencefeature of a paper sheet advancing along said path and for producing acontrol signal when such feature is detected. 7

a controller for said machine, said controller providing advance feed ofpaper until a control signal is recorded, and and thereafter providingmultiple lines of composition in a column column by repeatingcharacter-by-character exposure and line-byline leading advance of saidpaper feed means;

whereby, the paper may be retracted and readvan'ced repeatedly to beagain detected and establish a new column starting line in alignmentwith a previous line.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein a photosensitive sheet is providedwith preformed features which are defectable to establish a reverse andnew advance lead- 45 me 6. The method of claim 1, wherein aphotosensitive sheet is provided with a series of features for countingand leading control.

' 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the reference fea- 50 ture is thelead edge of the paper.

1. A method of multi-column composition, comprising the steps of:providing a means for detecting a reference feature of a paper sheetadvancing along a path and for producing a control signal from suchreference feature when detected; providing a power-driven paper feedmeans for advancing a photosensitive sheet along said path; advancing asheet alonG said path until the reference feature thereof is detected bysaid means, and a control signal is generated; applying said signal tostop said power-driven paper feed means; composing characters to produceat least one character in a first column position; thereafter reversingsaid paper feed to withdraw the paper to a position retracted from saidmeans for detecting the desired reference feature; and re-advancing saidsheet until another control signal is produced by said means fordetecting the reference feature, and; finally, composing a second atleast one character on the same page in a lateral position to the firstcharacter and in a predetermined relationship thereto by a relationshipto said reference feature; whereby a multiple column galley is obtainedin registration from a common reference.
 2. The method of claim 1,wherein said composition takes place in a first column of a multiplenumber of lines, followed by reverse leading and composition of a secondcolumn wherein said lines are aligned with those of the first column. 3.The method of claim 1, wherein said composition placement of thecharacters is random but aligned in relationship to a common leadreference.
 4. A multi-column photocomposition machine, comprising: aphotocomposition system including a font of characters and projectionmeans for projecting characters of said font in column lines; apower-driven paper feed means for advancing a photosensitive sheet alonga path defining the image plane of said photocomposition system; meansfor producing and thereafter detecting an established reference featureof a paper sheet advancing along said path and for producing a controlsignal when such feature is detected. a controller for said machine,said controller providing advance feed of paper until a control signalis recorded, and and thereafter providing multiple lines of compositionin a column column by repeating character-by-character exposure andline-by-line leading advance of said paper feed means; whereby, thepaper may be retracted and re-advanced repeatedly to be again detectedand establish a new column starting line in alignment with a previousline.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein a photosensitive sheet isprovided with preformed features which are detectable to establish areverse and new advance leading.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein aphotosensitive sheet is provided with a series of features for countingand leading control.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the referencefeature is the lead edge of the paper.